<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div><div id="m_-8644379952859248256ember1524"><div id="m_-8644379952859248256ember1528">DI listmates,</div><div><br></div><div>Below is a short article I just posted to LinkedIn on DI start-of-the-year procedures. The direct link is <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.linkedin.com_pulse_direct-2Dinstruction-2Dstart-2Dof-2Dthe-2Dyear-2Dprocedures-2Dkurt-2Dengelmann-2Dknxdc_-3FtrackingId-3DRmg3GPXrp5xCBP7X4UCS3Q-253D-253D&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=VBFVJdeZkD2A0voi_nvOAr77kAqH_yoXjZYvBc1gB34&m=0JUrMNZWLh6nuWrZyaw4aa45NjjTK_7i-RG4Er-DORHF2ZBZwVbgVRgRKsyS3OvK&s=nHU3KlYTj8go0m-NESrmr58gFnKUWT5a46fFBSDAuXg&e=" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/direct-instruction-start-of-the-year-procedures-kurt-engelmann-knxdc/?trackingId=Rmg3GPXrp5xCBP7X4UCS3Q%3D%3D</a>. I hope it comes through ok in this email to you.</div><div><br></div><div>FYI, I'm going to do a series of short articles about DI based on my book, <font size="2"><b><i>Direct Instruction: A Practitioner’s Handbook</i></b> <br></font><p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a href="https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook" target="_blank">https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook</a></font>. I'll post them to this list, too. Comments via the list or directly to me are welcome.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal">Kurt E.</p><p class="MsoNormal">877 485-1973 x119<br></p><p class="MsoNormal">-----------<br></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div>
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<h1 dir="ltr" style="text-align:center"><span>Direct Instruction: Start-of-the-year Procedures</span></h1><p id="m_-8644379952859248256ember1541"></p><p>
With the start of the new school year, many schools are starting
to implement DI for the first time. For these schools, and for schools
that have implemented DI without expert external support in past years,
the<span> </span><i>Start-of-the-year Flow Chart</i><span> </span>may be useful.
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<img src="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQFgBZNQfLm2eg/article-inline_image-shrink_1500_2232/article-inline_image-shrink_1500_2232/0/1725405561196?e=1730937600&v=beta&t=iP8kaImlpqPs4PQMhDy_Ef5t3Y11PIDFI5n2vwQGOXY" alt="Start-of-the-year Flow Chart for implementing Direct Instruction." id="m_-8644379952859248256ember1542" width="359" height="464" style="margin-right:0px">
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</div><p id="ember54" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">The flowchart, which appears on p. 230 of<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Direct Instruction: A Practitioner’s Handbook</em></a>, shows the sequence of steps that must be taken<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><em style="box-sizing:inherit">in the order presented</em><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>to start a DI implementation successfully:</p><p id="ember55" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"></p><ul style="box-sizing:inherit"><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem"><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/programs/about-the-programs/placement-testing.html" style="box-sizing:inherit"><strong style="box-sizing:inherit">Placement testing</strong></a><strong style="box-sizing:inherit"><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>is the first step because students are taught at their instructional level in DI, which informs the steps that follow.</strong><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>For several programs, there are multiple starting points within each program level. DI programs incorporate an “incremental step design” with only 10-15% new material each day, which allows all students to succeed<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><em style="box-sizing:inherit">if they are placed at their instructional level and taught to mastery daily</em>. (More on the design of the DI programs in a future post.)</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem"><strong style="box-sizing:inherit">Instructional groups are formed based on the results of the placement testing.</strong><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>The goal is to create groups that are as homogenous as possible based on the students’ skill level as demonstrated by the placement test results. The size of these groups must meet<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/how-to-be-successful/ensuring-sufficient-personnel.html" style="box-sizing:inherit">program requirements</a>. In general, the first two levels of the DI programs require small group instruction (a maximum of 4-12 students per group). Upper levels of the program allow for large group instruction (whole classes of 25 students or more).</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem"><strong style="box-sizing:inherit">The number of students who place at specific program levels will determine DI teacher assignments.</strong><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>Just as students may place into a program level other than their nominal grade level, teachers may teach a program level that does not correspond to their general teaching assignment. (For instance, a 2nd grade teacher may teach second graders who place into the Kindergarten level of<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/programs/reading/reading-mastery-transformations-edition.html" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Reading Mastery</em></a>.)</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem"><strong style="box-sizing:inherit">The instructional groupings determine the student and teacher materials required to start the implementation.</strong><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>The instructional groupings dictate the materials needed for implementation, which should be purchased based on placement test results. As the school year progresses, many students may finish their initial program level before the end of the school year. School leaders should anticipate when these students will be ready for the next program level and order it with sufficient time so instruction that meets each student’s needs can continue seamlessly throughout the school year.</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem"><strong style="box-sizing:inherit">Training and teaching occur only after instructional groupings have been determined.</strong><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>Teachers should be trained in the specific level of the program that matches their students’ instructional level. If teachers are not trained in the program level that matches their students’ existing skill set, they can be expected to have difficulty delivering the program that matches their students’ needs. For instance, if a teacher has been trained in Level C of<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/programs/spelling/spelling-mastery.html" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Spelling Mastery</em></a>, but the students placed into Level B, the teacher will need to receive level-specific training of the exercises unique to Level B (such as exercises involving the sound-symbol strategy and the spelling of irregular words).</li></ul><p></p><p id="ember56" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">The start-of-year process for DI implementations ideally begin in the spring before the DI program starts. Placement testing should be completed by the end of the previous school year to allow ample time for forming instructional groups, adjusting teaching assignments, ordering materials, and arranging teacher training. However, if you are at a school that is starting this process at the beginning of the school year, perhaps the greatest concern would be scheduling two full days of training per program level for the staff. Typically, the most convenient time to hold this<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/services/training/preservice-training.html" style="box-sizing:inherit">“preservice” training</a><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>is after the staff returns from summer break but before students arrive for the start of the school year when there usually is no need to hire substitutes for the staff members who participate in the training. If a school has sufficient resources for hiring substitutes to free up staff for training or has in-service days already allotted in the school calendar, the preservice can occur at any time of year – the earlier the better so students can make strong progress in the DI programs over the course of the year.<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span></p><p id="ember57" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">Sometimes following the steps described above can lead to a different configuration of the DI implementation than the school staff originally envisaged. For example, NIFDI recently worked with leaders of a secondary school in England who wanted to implement<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/programs/mathematics/corrective-math.html" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Corrective Mathematics</em></a><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>to students who were behind academically. They expected that the implementation would focus on some of the modules (levels) that address basic math operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) but it would also address basic fractions, the next most advanced module in the program. However, when they reviewed the placement test results, so many students placed into the addition module of the program that the focus of the implementation was shifted to deal exclusively with addition and subtraction.</p><p id="ember58" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">There are circumstances when it’s possible for training to occur<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><em style="box-sizing:inherit">before</em><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>materials are ordered for specific types of intervention implementations. For instance, this year NIFDI is supporting two schools in Ohio that are implementing<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://www.nifdi.org/programs/reading/reading-mastery.html" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Reading Mastery Signature Edition (RMSE)</em></a><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>as an intervention for first graders who are behind in reading. (It’s most effective to implement RMSE as core instruction, but implementing RMSE as a Tier 2 intervention can be effective if all of the requirements of the program are met, including providing sufficient amount of daily instruction – discussed in Chapter Eight of<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">Direct Instruction: A Practitioner’s Handbook</em></a>.) Because the program used for the intervention will definitely be RMSE Grade K, the materials have been ordered and teachers trained in the program before all students who are going to be receiving DI at the school have been identified.<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span></p><p id="ember59" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">The start-of-the year steps described above are just part of the process that schools new to DI should follow before implementing DI. The rest of Chapter Seven of the<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook" style="box-sizing:inherit"><em style="box-sizing:inherit">DI Handbook</em></a><span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span>addresses other “pre-implementation” steps, including:</p><p id="ember60" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"></p><ul style="box-sizing:inherit"><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem">defining the scope of the DI implementation,</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem">building consensus among the staff in support of implementing DI,</li><li style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:0.8rem 0px 0.8rem 3.2rem;padding-left:0.8rem">adopting schoolwide management procedures that clarify and reinforce behavioral expectations needed for efficient instruction.</li></ul><p></p><p id="ember61" class="ember-view gmail-reader-text-block__paragraph" style="box-sizing:inherit;margin:1.6rem 2.4rem;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9);font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Fira Sans",Ubuntu,Oxygen,"Oxygen Sans",Cantarell,"Droid Sans","Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none">If you are at a school that needs help with any of these steps, feel free to contact NIFDI at<span class="gmail-white-space-pre" style="box-sizing:inherit;white-space:pre"> </span><a class="gmail-app-aware-link" target="_self" href="mailto:info@nifdi.org" style="box-sizing:inherit">info@nifdi.org</a>. I hope everyone reading this is having a great start to the new year!</p></div>
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<div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">
<font color="#888888"><pre><span style="font-family:"comic sans ms",sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Kurt E. Engelmann, Ph.D., President
The National Institute for Direct Instruction (NIFDI)</span></pre></font><p class="MsoNormal"></p><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><a href="https://www.nifdi.org/training-events/events-calendar/training-event/ca1-2023.html" target="_blank"></a>
</span></i><font color="#888888"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font color="#888888"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div><pre><font color="#888888"><font size="1"><a href="tel:877-485-1973" value="+18774851973" target="_blank"><font color="#888888"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font color="#888888"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="color:black"><hr width="100%" size="2" align="center"></span></div></div></div></div></div></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></font></a></font></font></pre></div></div></div></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></font>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">Get the most comprehensive guide to implementing DI available
– </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><b><i>Direct Instruction: A Practitioner’s Handbook</i></b>
(2024), </font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2">published by John Catt/Hodder Education</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2"><a href="https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook" target="_blank">https://tinyurl.com/direct-instruction-handbook</a></font>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><a href="https://www.nifdi.org/training-events/events-calendar/training-event/ca1-2023.html" target="_blank"></a>
</span></i><font color="#888888"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font color="#888888"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div><pre><font color="#888888"><font size="1"><a href="tel:877-485-1973" value="+18774851973" target="_blank"><font color="#888888"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font color="#888888"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center" align="center"><div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="color:black"><hr width="100%" size="2" align="center"></span></div></div></div></div></div></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></font></a></font><b><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></span></b></font></pre><p></p></div></div></div></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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