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<font size="4" face="Calibri">Women's "swinging songs":<br></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri"><br></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri">Gilbert Meynier in his "<i>L'Algérie,
cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli
(698-1518)</i>", éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2011 includes the following list of genres of Arabo-Andalusi poetry:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri"><br></font></div><div>
<font size="4" face="Calibri"><i>"Fleurissent,
outre les quatrains classiques (rubâ'îyyât), les waçla(s),
suites de pièces vocales et instrumentales, les panégyriques en
vers (qaçîda[s]), <b>le balancement des murajjahât,</b> le
scintillement du genre muwashshah, chansons de quelques strophes
de contenu apologétique ou/et amoureux, et le zajal, poésie
familière, plus sensuelle et plus crue, à distance du surmoi
courtois européen."</i> (p.126)</font><font size="4"> </font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">In a footnote explaining the term
<i><b>murajjahât </b></i>he writes:
<font face="Calibri">"<i>Littéralement, chant des femmes qui se
balancent sur l'escarpolette (marjûha)</i>".</font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri">[Literally, songs of women swinging on swings]<br></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri"><br></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Calibri">These songs are known in Algeria as </font><font size="4"><i>ḥawfī</i> (see for example, Mourad <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Yelles-Chaouche,<span> </span><i>Le
Ḥawfī: poésie feminine et tradition orale au Maghreb.<span> </span></i>Algiers: Office des Publications
Universitaires, 1990). And I have noted in several recent publications the similarity between these poems and the bilingual kharjas found in some Andalusi muwashshahat (for example, <i>The Musical Heritage of al-Andalus</i>, 2022, pp. 160-61) -- short couplet, tercets or quatrains composed in the voice of a young unmarried girl, often complaining to her mother about the trials of love, her desires for a handsome young man, or complaining about the way men treat her.</span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">At the time, however, I had never heard or read any reference to Andalusi "swinging" songs -- I have not argued for any direct (i.e., genealogical) connection, but merely noted the similarity and hypothesized that such oral genres of women's poetry may have been common in various regions of the western Mediterranean.<br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><b>Have any of you come across references to this as a genre of Andalusi poetry or know of examples?</b></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Many thanks,</span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dwight</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span>
<span></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div><div>******************************************************************<br></div>Dwight F. Reynolds, Distinguished Professor<br></div>Arabic Language & Literature<br></div>Department of Religious Studies<br></div>University of California, Santa Barbara<br></div><<a href="mailto:dreynold@ucsb.edu" target="_blank">dreynold@ucsb.edu</a>><br><div>******************************************************************<br></div></div></div></div></div>