<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
p.gmail-autores, li.gmail-autores, div.gmail-autores
{mso-style-name:gmail-autores;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
span.m3691433666009495147hoenzb
{mso-style-name:m_3691433666009495147hoenzb;}
span.m3691433666009495147il
{mso-style-name:m_3691433666009495147il;}
span.EstiloCorreo21
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:#1F497D;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=ES link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear David,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>As Prof. Dr. M.J. Viguera wrote, Prof. Dr. Eva Lapiedra has researched about this subject in this book and in the study<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Eva LAPIEDRA. «Los cristianos a través del prisma del islam: terminología e ideología en los textos árabo-islámicos de al-Andalus». In G. Fernández Parrilla & M. C. Feria García (eds.) <i>Orientalismo, exotismo y traducción.</i> Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Col. Escuela de Traductores de Toledo, 8), pp. 57-80.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>She teaches in the University of Alicante (Spain), and you can address to her in the mail address <a href="mailto:lapiedra@ua.es">lapiedra@ua.es</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Sincerely<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>F. Franco-Sánchez<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></a></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> MARIA JESUS VIGUERA MOLINS [mailto:viguera@filol.ucm.es] <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, December 6, 2016 9:47 </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>AM<br><b>To:</b> Yadgar, Liran <liran.yadgar@yale.edu><br><b>Cc:</b> andalusi_studies@lists.uoregon.edu<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Andalusi Studies] Islamic sources describing Christians as mushrikin?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=gmail-autores style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Dear David</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=gmail-autores style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Eva Lapiedra, in her book: <i>Cómo los musulmanes llamaban a los cristianos hispánicos</i> (Alicante, 1997) documents and analyzes sixteen designations, among them MUSHRIK.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=gmail-autores style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Regards,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Mj Viguera</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>2016-12-05 21:21 GMT+01:00 Yadgar, Liran <<a href="mailto:liran.yadgar@yale.edu" target="_blank">liran.yadgar@yale.edu</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><div id="m_3691433666009495147divtagdefaultwrapper"><div id="m_3691433666009495147divtagdefaultwrapper"><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Dear David,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Commenting on an early nineteenth-century poem, David Cook writes that "[o]riginally, the epithet of <i>mushrikun</i> [i.e. "associators," idolators] was applied only to polytheists, but by the eight century also to Christians" (<i>Martyrdom in Islam</i>, Cambridge; New York, 2007, p. 124 n33). I would argue, however, that the accusation of Christians with <i>shirk </i>(idolatry) has already started in the Qur'an (e.g. Q 4:166; Q 5:17, 82, 116; Q 9:30; Q 112), and thus, in some occurrences in this book, <i>mushrikun </i>may refer to Christians, and that this usage was common since the earliest times of Islam. See on this point: Jacques Waardenburg, "The Early Period: 610–650," in <i>Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey</i>, ed. <i>idem</i> (New York; Oxford, 1999), p. 6; Hugh Goddard, <i>A History of Christian-Muslim Relations</i> (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 27-28; G.R. Hawting, <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</i> (Cambridge; New York, 1999), pp. 82-84; <i>idem</i>, "Qur'anic Exegesis and History," in <i>With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</i>, eds. Jane Dammen McAuliffe et al. (Oxford; New York, 2003), p. 410; Yohanan Friedmann, <i>Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition</i> (New York, 2003), pp. 71-72; Jere L. Bacharach, "Signs of Sovereignty: The Shahada, Qur'anic Verses, and the Coinage of ʿAbd al-Malik," <i>Muqarnas</i>, 27 (2010): 18. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>For examples from the Islamic West, see Camilla Adang, <i>Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm</i> (New York, 1996), p. 101 (on Ibn Hazm comparing Jewish and Christian polytheism); Mikel de Epalza, "Mozarabs: An Emblematic Christian Minority in Islamic Al-Andalus," in <i>The Legacy of Muslim Spain</i>, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi (Leiden; Brill, 1994), p. 150; Nicola Clarke, <i>The Muslim Conquest of Iberia: Medieval Arabic Narratives</i> (New York, 2013), p. 133. The texts provided in <i>Christians and Moors in Spain</i>, vol. 3, eds. Charles Melville and Ahmad 'Ubaydli (Warminster, 1988), may provide more references.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Liran<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div id="m_3691433666009495147Signature"><div id="m_3691433666009495147divtagdefaultwrapper"><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span class=m3691433666009495147il><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#888888'>...</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#888888'><br><span class=m3691433666009495147il>Liran Yadgar</span><br><span class=m3691433666009495147il>Postdoctoral Associate</span><br><span class=m3691433666009495147il>Judaic Studies, Yale University </span><br><span class=m3691433666009495147il><a href="mailto:liran.yadgar@yale.edu" target="_blank">liran.yadgar@yale.edu</a> </span><br><span class=m3691433666009495147il>Website: <a href="https://yale.academia.edu/LiranYadgar" target="_blank" id="m_3691433666009495147LPlnk281840">https://yale.academia.edu/LiranYadgar</a></span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></span></div><div id="m_3691433666009495147divRplyFwdMsg"><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> <a href="mailto:andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu" target="_blank">andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu</a> <<a href="mailto:andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu" target="_blank">andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu</a>> on behalf of David Wacks <<a href="mailto:wacks@uoregon.edu" target="_blank">wacks@uoregon.edu</a>><br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 5, 2016 4:01:02 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:andalusi_studies@lists.uoregon.edu" target="_blank">andalusi_studies@lists.uoregon.edu</a><br><b>Subject:</b> [Andalusi Studies] Islamic sources describing Christians as mushrikin?</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Dear colleagues, <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Does anyone know of any Muslim authors who write of Christianity in terms of shirk, or of Christians as mushrikin?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Many thanks for any suggestions.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>David <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>David Wacks<br>Professor of Spanish<br><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__davidwacks.uoregon.edu&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=IeV81pX71ya-3sMi9QvlgZHyRFQzX0WcRnFvt4lRhAc&m=EV-ZiN3oRooUWn9usx2f6RBeF6HVO2pfZUziBiuG0Gk&s=G_8Ay3g0I7hc3snWas1wocdKzEboWdbXkFOfYCGrfSI&e=" target="_blank">davidwacks.uoregon.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Andalusi_Studies mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Andalusi_Studies@lists.uoregon.edu">Andalusi_Studies@lists.uoregon.edu</a><br><a href="https://lists.uoregon.edu/mailman/listinfo/andalusi_studies" target="_blank">https://lists.uoregon.edu/mailman/listinfo/andalusi_studies</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>