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<p>Dear David,</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Commenting on an early nineteenth-century poem, David Cook writes that "[o]riginally, the epithet of
<i>mushrikun</i> [i.e. "associators," idolators] was applied only to polytheists, but by the eight century also to Christians" (<i>Martyrdom in Islam</i>, Cambridge; New York, 2007, p. 124 n33). I would argue, however, that the accusation of Christians with
<i>shirk </i>(idolatry) has already started in the Qur'an (e.g. Q 4:166; Q 5:17, 82, 116; Q 9:30; Q 112), and thus, in some occurrences in this book,
<i>mushrikun </i>may refer to Christians, and that this usage was common since the earliest times of Islam. See on this point:
<span>Jacques Waardenburg</span>, "<span>The Early Period: 610–650</span>," in <span><i>Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey</i></span>, ed.
<i>idem</i> (New York; Oxford, 1999), p. 6;<span><span> Hugh Goddard, </span><i>A History of Christian-Muslim Relations</i> (<span>Edinburgh</span>, 2000), pp. 27-28;
<span><span>G.R. Hawting</span>, <i>The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</i></span> (Cambridge; New York, 1999), pp. 82-84;
</span><span><i>idem</i>, "Qur'anic Exegesis and History," in <span><i>With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</i>, eds. Jane Dammen McAuliffe</span> et al. (Oxford; New York, 2003), p. 410;
<span>Yohanan Friedmann,</span> <span><i>Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition</i></span> (New York, 2003), pp. 71-72; Jere L. Bacharach, "Signs of Sovereignty: The Shahada, Qur'anic Verses, and the Coinage of ʿAbd al-Malik,"
<i>Muqarnas</i>, 27 (2010): 18. </span><br>
<span></span></p>
<p><span><br>
</span></p>
<p><span>For examples from the Islamic West, see <span>Camilla Adang</span>, <span><i>Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm</i></span> (New York, 1996), p. 101 (on Ibn Hazm comparing Jewish and Christian polytheism);
<span><span>Mikel de Epalza</span>, "Mozarabs: An Emblematic Christian Minority in Islamic Al-Andalus," in
<i>The Legacy of Muslim Spain</i>, ed. <span>Salma Khadra Jayyusi </span>(Leiden; Brill, 1994), p. 150; <span><span>Nicola Clarke</span>,
<i>The Muslim Conquest of Iberia: Medieval Arabic Narratives</i></span> (New York, 2013), p. 133. The texts provided in <i><span>Christians and Moors in Spain</span></i>, vol. 3, eds.
<span>Charles Melville and Ahmad 'Ubaydli (<span>Warminster</span>, 1988), may provide more references.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><br>
</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Regards,</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><br>
</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Liran<br>
</span></span></span></p>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px"><span class="HOEnZb adL"><font color="#888888"><span class="il">...<br>
Liran Yadgar<br>
Postdoctoral Associate<br>
Judaic Studies, Yale University <br>
liran.yadgar@yale.edu <br>
Website: <a href="https://yale.academia.edu/LiranYadgar" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk281840" previewremoved="true">
https://yale.academia.edu/LiranYadgar</a><br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b>From:</b> andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu <andalusi_studies-bounces@lists.uoregon.edu> on behalf of David Wacks <wacks@uoregon.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 5, 2016 4:01:02 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> andalusi_studies@lists.uoregon.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Andalusi Studies] Islamic sources describing Christians as mushrikin?</font>
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<div dir="auto">Dear colleagues,
<div dir="auto"><br>
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<div dir="auto">Does anyone know of any Muslim authors who write of Christianity in terms of shirk, or of Christians as mushrikin?</div>
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<div dir="auto">Many thanks for any suggestions.</div>
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<div dir="auto">Best regards,</div>
<div dir="auto">David <br>
<br>
<div data-smartmail="gmail_signature" dir="auto">David Wacks<br>
Professor of Spanish<br>
<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__davidwacks.uoregon.edu&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=IeV81pX71ya-3sMi9QvlgZHyRFQzX0WcRnFvt4lRhAc&m=EV-ZiN3oRooUWn9usx2f6RBeF6HVO2pfZUziBiuG0Gk&s=G_8Ay3g0I7hc3snWas1wocdKzEboWdbXkFOfYCGrfSI&e=">davidwacks.uoregon.edu</a></div>
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